SEE 2072
Group A
1. Which is the starting letter used for HDD partition?
à C is the starting letter used for HDD partition
2. What is system bus?
à System bus the pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry the data from one part of a computer to another.
3. Where is the BIOS program stored?
à BIOS is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard
4. List any two video display standards
à Two video display standards are:
· Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA)
· Color Graphics Adapter (CGA)
· Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
· 8514 Display Standard
· Video Graphics Array (VGA)
· Super VGA (SVGA)
5. Write one preventive measure for computer not recognizing CD-ROM.
à One preventive measure for computer not recognizing CD-ROM: Update or reinstall CD Driver.
Group B
6. What is AGP?
à The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer system, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for video cards.
7. Define physical memory. Write its types.*
à Alternatively referred to as physical storage or real storage, physical memory is memory that exists in the form of modules, like RAM.
Types:
· SRAM
· DRAM
8. How are keys grouped in keyboard? Name them.
à The names of group of keys are:
· Alphanumeric keys
· Punctuation Keys
· Cursor keys
· Function Keys
· Modifier keys
· Numeric keypad
9. Write the roles of power protection devices.*
à Roles of power protection device is to t protect computer from the effects of power surges and power failures.
10. What is antivirus software? Write any two example.
à Antivirus software is a computer program used to prevent, detect, and remove virus.
11. What is booting. Write down its types.
à Booting is the process of starting the computer or computer embedded device and putting it into the state of readiness for operation. Its types are:
· Cold booting
· Warm booting
12. Why is troubleshooting technique needed?*
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13. Write any two reasons that you would like to use disk defragmenter.
à I would like to use disk defragmenter for the following reasons:
· To reduce data access time
· To use storage more efficiently
14. Write any four tools needed for computer repair and maintenance.*
à Four tools needed for computer repair and maintenance are:
· Defragmentation tools.
· Antivirus and Malware removal programs
· PC Cleaning Tools such as Electric Duster / Air Blower
· Precision Screwdriver Set
· Soldering Iron
· Multimeter
15. What may be the cause that the PC doesn’t recognize USB devices?
à The causes may be:
· Faulty USB port
· Damaged Device
· Corrupt or unstable USB port driver
· USB device isn’t connected properly
16. You saw blurred icons on desktop. How would you rectify this problem?
à I would rectify this problem by trying following methods:
· Installing or updating display card drivers
· Setting the best resolution for my monitor
· Change Visual Effect settings to Best appearance
· Reducing the DPI size
· Change monitor refresh rate
· Checking connection between monitor and motherboard
· Cleaning the monitor screen
· Checking the display card.
Group C
1. What is primary memory? Explain its types.
à Primary memory is the semiconductor memory which holds those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
Its types are:
· RAM: RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. Hence, a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers. The CPU can directly access the data stored on it, hence they are fast. RAM is larger than ROM, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold. RAM is of two types –
o Static RAM
o Dynamic RAM
· ROM: ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. The CPU cannot access the data stored on it unless the data is stored in RAM, hence they are much slower than ROM. ROM is smaller than RAM, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven. Its types are :
o PROM
o EPROM
o EEPROM
2. Write the causes and solution to, "printer not working".
à Causes:
· No paper or paper jam
· Cables not connected properly
· Corrupt or outdated printer driver
· Printer has ran out of ink
· Serious internal hardware issue in printer.
Solution:
· Make sure there is paper loaded into the printer paper cartridge or tray. Next, verify that no printer paper is jammed or partially fed into the printer.
· Make sure the power and data cables (parallel cable or USB cable) are connected to both the printer and computer.
· Reinstall or update the printer driver.
· Fill the ink.
· Repair or replace the printer
17. Write the causes and solution to, "printer not working".
à Causes:
· No paper or paper jam
· Cables not connected properly
· Corrupt or outdated printer driver
· Printer has ran out of ink
· Serious internal hardware issue in printer.
Solution:
· Make sure there is paper loaded into the printer paper cartridge or tray. Next, verify that no printer paper is jammed or partially fed into the printer.
· Make sure the power and data cables (parallel cable or USB cable) are connected to both the printer and computer.
· Reinstall or update the printer driver.
· Fill the ink.
· Repair or replace the printer
16. Write the causes and solution to, "printer not working".
à Causes:
· No paper or paper jam
· Cables not connected properly
· Corrupt or outdated printer driver
· Printer has ran out of ink
· Serious internal hardware issue in printer.
Solution:
· Make sure there is paper loaded into the printer paper cartridge or tray. Next, verify that no printer paper is jammed or partially fed into the printer.
· Make sure the power and data cables (parallel cable or USB cable) are connected to both the printer and computer.
· Reinstall or update the printer driver.
· Fill the ink.
· Repair or replace the printer
18. Write the causes and solution to "no display in monitor"
à Causes:
· Monitor is not on
· Loose or improper connections
· Processor is not inserted properly on socket
· RAM not fixed on memory slot properly
· Low brightness and contrast
· Display card is not fitted properly on slot
· Bad monitor
· SMPS is not providing accurate power
· Computer is asleep(black screen)
Solutions:
· Make sure the monitor is turned on
· Fix processor on CPU socket.
· Fix RAM properly on memory slot
· Make sure cables are connected properly.
· Turn up the brightness and contrast
· Fix the display card properly on expansion slot
· Replace the monitor
· Check the SMPS
· Try moving your mouse, clicking the mouse buttons, or pressing any key (e.g., spacebar) to wake it up.
19. What is processor cooling? Mention different technology/tools used for processor cooling. How heat sink compound works?
à Processor cooling is the process of dissipation of large amount of heat produced by the processor in order to keep it within its safe operating temperatures.
The different technology/tools used for cooling are:
· Heat sink
· Fan
· Thermal paste or thermal pad
· Liquid cooling
· heat pipe
· phase-change cooling (vapor cooling)
You might think that placing one metal component against another one would result in good enough contact for heat to conduct effectively from one component to the other. But in reality, on a microscopic scale, there will be peaks and troughs in the surfaces that prevent perfect contact across the entire area. In addition, the components themselves may not be sitting perfectly flat and heat will not be conducted effectively from one component to the other. The answer to all these issues is thermal paste/heat sink compound. Heat sink compound fills these gaps between the CPU (central processing unit) or other heat generating components and the mechanical heat sink so that heat will be conducted properly and processor will be cool.
20. What is power protection? Explain two power protection devices.
à Power protection is defined as detecting abnormal operating conditions in a power system and preventing further threats such as instability or equipment damages. Two power protection devices are explained below:
· UPS: An uninterruptible power supply or uninterruptible power source is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. UPS devices use batteries to store electrical energy which can be discharged through an inverter assembly when the mains power supply fails or fluctuates. The UPS can supply power only for a short period. The function of UPS are:
o Absorb relatively small power surges.
o Smooth out noisy power sources.
o Continuously provides power to equipment during line sags.
o Automatically shuts down equipment during long power outages.
o Monitoring and logging of the status of the power supply.
· Volt Guard: Volt guard is also a power protection device. It controls the fluctuation of electric voltage. The volt guard provides constant output voltage to the computer system if high input voltage is supplied from the source. It provides constant output voltage between the ranges of 220 to 240 volts.
· Voltage stabilizer: It is an electrical appliance which is designed to deliver a constant voltage to a load at its output terminals regardless of the changes in the input or incoming supply voltage. It protects the equipment or machine against over voltage, under voltage, and other voltage surges. Voltage stabilizers regulate the fluctuating input voltage before it could be fed to the load (or equipment which is sensitive to voltage variations)
21. Explain geometric construction of hard disk.
à Hard disk drives are composed of one or more disks or platters on which data is stored. The geometry of a hard drive is the organization of data on these platters. Geometry determines how and where data is stored on the surface of each platter, and thus the maximum storage capacity of the drive. There are four numerical values that describe geometry:
· Heads: The number of heads is relative to the total number of sides of all the platters used to store data. If a hard disk drive has four platters, it can have up to eight heads. The maximum number of heads is limited by BIOS to 16.
· Cylinders: Data is stored in circular paths on the surface of each head. Each path is called a track. There are hundreds of tracks on the surface of each head. A set of tracks (all of the same diameter) through each head is called a cylinder. The number of cylinders is a measurement of drive geometry; the number of tracks is not a measurement of drive geometry. BIOS limitations set the maximum number of cylinders at 1024.
· Sectors per Track: A hard disk drive is cut (figuratively) into tens of thousands of small arcs, like a pie. Each arc is called a sector and holds 512 bytes of data. The number of sectors is not important and is not part of the geometry; the important value is the number of sectors per track. BIOS limitations set the number of sectors per track at 63.
· Write Precompensation: All sectors store the same number of bytes: 512; however, the sectors toward the outside of the platter are physically longer than those closer to the center. Early drives experienced difficulty with the varying physical sizes of the sectors. Therefore, a method of compensation was needed-the write precompensation value defines the cylinder where write precompensation begins.
22. What is PSU (power supply unit)? Explain about its parts.
à The power supply unit is the piece of hardware that's used to convert the power provided from the outlet into usable power for the many parts inside the computer case. It also converts the alternating current (AC) into a continuous form of power that the computer components need in order to run normally. In addition to supplying electrical power to run the system, the power supply also ensures that the system does not run unless the power supplied is sufficient to operate the system properly. In other words, the power supply actually prevents the computer from starting up or operating until all the power supply voltages are within the proper range then only sends a special signal to the motherboard
The main parts of PSU are explained below:
· Power-IN. The power-IN connector as shown in the figure is the input for MAINS supply. A power cable is inserted here, the other end of which is connected to mains supply. The input supply gets converted to DC supply.
· Power-OUT. The power-OUT connector is connected directly to the Power-IN connector from inside the supply unit. It supplies the same AC supply that is fed to power-IN socket. The power-OUT connector is used to give supply to monitors or any display unit.
· FAN. If you look at the back side of Computer-SMPS, you will find a FAN at the right side. The FAN as you can see, blows the air out and is only used to dissipate the internal heat from the SMPS since the switching is done at high frequencies which create a lot of heat inside.
· ATX connector. As you can see in the image, it is a 24-pin female connector which is used to supply DC supply to the motherboards. Various color-coded wires connect to this connector and each colored wire supplies distinct DC voltage
· 4-PIN connectors: There are multiple 4-pin connectors that draw out from the SPMS unit. These connectors are used to supply DC power to various peripherals of computer like a floppy disk drive, hard disk drive or DVD-writers.
· SATA-output connector: To feed the power to latest SATA hard drives, these connectors are used.
· ATX-12V connector: Latest SMPS power supplies are accompanied by an extra 4-pin connector which supplies 12 volts to energize the central processing unit and other components of the motherboard.
23. List any five preventive maintenance techniques to protect your PC from hardware failure.*
à Any five preventive maintenance techniques to protect your PC from hardware failure are:
· Clean the keyboard to ensure that you remove the dust sitting between the keys.
· Check and secure loose cables
· Remove dust from the power supply.
· Clean the fans that help maintain CPU temperature.
· Wipe off the monitor and blow out the dust sitting inside the CPU.
24. List the different types of backup techniques and explain.
à Different types of backup techniques are:
They are explained briefly below:
1. Full Backup
It the most basic type of backup. With a full backup, all data is backed up to a target drive or disk with each backup. Both incremental and differential backups utilize full backups when they’re first used – it provides the foundation needed in order for the more advanced methods to function properly. However, depending on your exact needs, it’s probably not necessary to perform a full system backup every single time you need to backup your data.
Advantages:
Ø The entire backed-up data is stored in a single file (better storage management)
Disadvantages:
Ø The storage space requirements are highest (compared to increment backup or differential backup)
Ø It takes longer to perform a full backup than other types of methodologies.
2. Incremental backup
The incremental backup is one of the most efficient backup methods available. This type of backup makes the copy of files that has been changed since last backup activity of any kind. Incremental is a common method for cloud backup as it tends to use fewer resources.
Pros:
· A regular incremental backup requires much less space and less backup time than a full backup or differential backup.
Cons:
· Restoring such a backup is slower than a full backup or differential backup.
· Managing them is more complex as all the files from a backup “chain” are required for a restoration.
3. Differential Backup:
This type of backup makes copy of data that has been modified since last full backup activity. If you start with an incremental backup and then switch to differential, you’ll still need to backup any data that has changed since the initial full backup was performed.
Pros:
· A regular differential backup requires much less space and less backup time than a full backup.
· Restore is faster than restoring from incremental backup
Cons:
· Restoring such a backup is slower than a full backup as both the “base” backup and the differential backup files need to be restored.
· Managing them is harder as two files are required.
· More storage space and backup time is required than incremental backup
25. What may be the cause of monitor failure? Write down the appropriate solution.
à Causes:
· Loose or faulty video cable.
· Display card driver not installed properly
· SMPS doesn’t provide required power
· Voltage fluctuation
· Display card not inserted properly on expansion slot
· High resolution not supported by monitor.
· Brightness and contrast not adjusted properly
Solution:
· Tighten down the cable on both the monitor and the computer end or simply replace the cable
· Reinstall display card driver properly
· Check SMPS by using multimeter
· Use Voltage guard or UPS
· Insert display card properly on expansion slot.
· Restart the computer in safe mode and reset the best solution
· Turn up the brightness and contrast
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